The Egg – a short story by Andy Weir – provides an intriguing perspective on cosmology (that as someone told me more or less corresponds to Kashmir Shaivism)
I’m not sure if the Buddhist term kōan technically applies here but this certainly is a tale made to both confuse and delight.
As stories that question your world view go, another interesting one is The Last Question by Isaac Asimov. A bit longer but also very much worth the read.
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